How a Bill Becomes a Law
The journey of a Bill through Parliament to becoming an Act.
Drafting of the Bill
A Bill is drafted — a Government Bill by a Minister, or a Private Member’s Bill by any other MP.
First Reading
The Bill is introduced in either House. Its title and objectives are read out — no debate at this stage.
Second Reading
The heart of the process: general discussion, then a detailed clause-by-clause examination, often through a Select or Standing Committee.
Third Reading
Members debate and vote on the Bill as a whole. If passed by a majority, it moves forward.
The Other House
The Bill repeats all stages in the second House (Lok Sabha ↔ Rajya Sabha). Both Houses must agree on the text.
President’s Assent
Once passed by both Houses, the Bill goes to the President, who gives assent under Article 111.
The Bill Becomes an Act
With the President’s assent, the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament — the law of the land.